Glycan-Functionalized Collagen Hydrogels Modulate the Glycoenvironment of a Neuronal Primary Culture

Glycans play a central role in the development and homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS), so that changes in the glycosylation profile of the cell surface and extracellular matrix components (ECM) is clear in CNS disorders. based treatment strategy using the regenerative biomaterials platform is being increasingly used to target the disease and to study the glyco-mark of physiological and pathological conditions, especially through the use of biomaterials able to recapitulate the natural components and the physical organization of the ECM. Collagen hydrogel has shown potential as a vehicle for the delivery of cells into the brain, and their therapeutic effect can be expanded by functionalizing them to cope with altered glycosylation patterns with certain brain disorders.

The purpose of this study was to develop and optimize the glycan-functionalized tridimensional collagen-based hydrogels that will make contact with and modulate the differentiation of primary neuronal cultures. Advanced system will provide more information about how the glyco-engineered materials can affect glyco-profile original mark during the process of cell differentiation by modulating the glycan expression differential at the network level.

For this purpose, the collagen polymers undergo a one-step reductive amination with maltose (GLC (α1-4) α-GLC) and lactose (Gal (β1-4) β-GLC) so that the structure can be sacrificed pyranosidic reducing sugars (acting as a linker a) and α-GLC and β-Gal residues exposed, respectively. Biopolymer glycoconjugate used to formulate hydrogels that chemically and biologically characterized, and glyco-profile sign of neuronal cultures after treatment hydrogel was analyzed by lectin staining.

Hydrogel conjugated with glucose limited to 2 weeks astrocytic proliferation and promoted an increase in sialylation while reducing the fucosylation by 2-fold. These results show the differential effect of glycan residues present in the matrix in the expression of cellular sugar and thus has the potential to improve the delivery system of cells in the central nervous system.

 Glycan-Functionalized Collagen Hydrogels Modulate the Glycoenvironment of a Neuronal Primary Culture
Glycan-Functionalized Collagen Hydrogels Modulate the Glycoenvironment of a Neuronal Primary Culture

Simple and Complex Sugars in Parkinson’s disease: a Bitter Taste

neural homeostasis depends on both simple and complex sugars (which glycoconjugates), and their metabolic abnormalities responsible for damaging the nerve function and leads to neurodegeneration. glucose levels increase glycation phenomenon, a wide range of non-enzymatic reactions that cause a variety of intermediates and final products are potentially dangerous in neurons. Glycoconjugates, including glycoproteins, glycolipids, and glycosaminoglycans, contributes to the constitution of the unique features of the membrane and extracellular matrix neurons in the nervous system.

glycosylation defect is often associated with central nervous system disorders and neurodegeneration. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Neurons present intracytoplasmic inclusions α-synuclein aggregates are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease together with disorders of autophagy-lysosomal function, oxidative stress, and broken traffic and turnover of membrane components.

Ibrutinib drug-Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Conjugate

IBT15-BSA 100 ug
EUR 634.8

Dinitrophenyl (DNP)-BSA protein Conjugate

AV-9330-BSA 10 mg
EUR 343.2

Glycated Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with ?-Galactose

SPR-203A 0.05 mg
EUR 372
Description: Untagged synthetic panspecies Galactose BSA Glycoconjugate for WB, ELISA. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.

Glycated Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with ?-Galactose

SPR-203B 2x0.05 mg
EUR 548.4
Description: Untagged synthetic panspecies Galactose BSA Glycoconjugate for WB, ELISA. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.

Glycated Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) with ?-Galactose

SPR-203C 4x0.05 mg
EUR 783.6
Description: Untagged synthetic panspecies Galactose BSA Glycoconjugate for WB, ELISA. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.

mPEG-BSA (Molecular Weight: 5,000-linear)

PEG-BSA-05K 100 ug
EUR 343.2

mPEG-BSA (Molecular Weight: 10,000-linear)

PEG-BSA-10K 100 ug
EUR 343.2

mPEG-BSA (Molecular Weight: 20,000-linear)

PEG-BSA-20K 100 ug
EUR 343.2

mPEG-BSA (Molecular Weight: 40,000-linear)

PEG-BSA-40K 100 ug
EUR 343.2

(DRAAGQPAG)3 peptide (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. vivax circumsporozoite protein, CSP) conjugated with BSA

DRAA31-BSA 0.5 mg
EUR 634.8

(PPPPNAND)3 peptide (repeat-sequence peptide of the P. berghei circumsporozoite protein, CSP) conjugated with BSA

PPPP321-BSA 0.5 mg
EUR 634.8

(NVDP)4 peptide (minor repeat-sequence peptide of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, CSP) conjugated with BSA

NVDP41-BSA 0.5 mg
EUR 634.8

(NANP)5 peptide (25-aa, repeat-sequence peptide of the P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein, CSP) conjugated with BSA

NANP51-BSA 0.5 mg
EUR 634.8

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ELISA Kit

DLR-BSA-Ge-48T 48T
EUR 464.4
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ELISA Kit

DLR-BSA-Ge-96T 96T
EUR 592.8
Description: A competitive inhibition quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) removal kit (Antibody based aff matrix; sufficient to remove 1-2 mg BSA from Bioprocessed material), 2 ml aff column

800-302-BSA 1 Kit
EUR 416.4

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) removal kit (Antibody based aff matrix; sufficient to remove 10-20 mg BSA from Bioprocessed material), 10 ml aff column

800-310-BSA 1 Kit
EUR 1074

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) removal kit (Antibody based aff matrix; sufficient to remove 25-50 mg BSA from Bioprocessed material), 25 ml aff column

800-325-BSA 1 Kit
EUR 1740

General Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ELISA Kit

RDR-BSA-Ge-48Tests 48 Tests
EUR 661.2

General Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ELISA Kit

RDR-BSA-Ge-96Tests 96 Tests
EUR 919.2

General Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ELISA Kit

RD-BSA-Ge-48Tests 48 Tests
EUR 632.4

General Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) ELISA Kit

RD-BSA-Ge-96Tests 96 Tests
EUR 878.4

Vaccigel Alum adjuvant adsorbed with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA @1 mg/ml), Vaccine adjuvant

AV-1010-BSA 1 ml
EUR 343.2

Pre-diluted BSA (bovine serum albumin) standards (1 set) for BCA Optima Protein Assay kit

BCA-BSA-1 1 pk
EUR 196.8

Pre-diluted BSA (bovine serum albumin) standards (750 ug/ml) for BCA Optima Protein Assay kit

BCA-BSA-750 1 ml
EUR 270

D-(+)-Galactose

abx082116-25g 25 g
EUR 226.8

D-(+)-Galactose

abx082291-25g 25 g
EUR 243.6

D-(+)-Galactose

abx082441-25g 25 g
EUR 226.8

D-Galactose

GAL15-N 10 g
EUR 343.2

D-(+)-Galactose

GB0215 25g
EUR 68.35

L-(-)-Galactose

GC5727-100MG 100 mg
EUR 132

L-(-)-Galactose

GC5727-250MG 250 mg
EUR 246

L-(-)-Galactose

GC5727-25MG 25 mg
EUR 64.8

L-(-)-Galactose

GC5727-500MG 500 mg
EUR 409.2

D-(+)-Galactose

GC7360-100G 100 g
EUR 64.8

D-(+)-Galactose

GC7360-1KG 1 kg
EUR 180

D-(+)-Galactose

GC7360-250G 250 g
EUR 84

D-(+)-Galactose

GC7360-500G 500 g
EUR 112.8

D-(+)-Galactose

GC7360-5KG 5 kg
EUR 562.8

D-Galactose

HY-N0210 10mM/1mL
EUR 151.2

D-Galactose

TBW01610 100mg Ask for price

BSA and BGG Stock standards (1 vial each @ 2 mg/ml) for BCA Optima Protein Assay kit

BSA-BGG-1 1 pk
EUR 343.2

Pre-diluted BSA (bovine serum albumin) standards (250, 125, 62.5, 31.25, and 0.0 ug/ml) for BCA Optima Protein Assay kit

BCA-BSA-2 1 pk
EUR 196.8

BSA-galactose coated plates for lectin testing by ELISA, 5 plates/pk

GAL16-CP 1 Pk
EUR 489.6

Galactose Standard, 90UL

C146-90UL 90UL
EUR 147.6

Galactose Oxidase, 1EA

C147-1EA 1EA
EUR 147.6

Galactose Kinase antibody

70R-49778 100 ul
EUR 292.8
Description: Purified Polyclonal Galactose Kinase antibody

Galactose Assay Kit

55R-1459 100 assays
EUR 888
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Galactose in the research laboratory

Galactose Assay Kit

55R-1463 100 assays
EUR 847.2
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Galactose in the research laboratory

DSPE-PEG-Galactose

abx085184-2kDa1g 2 kDa; 1 g
EUR 1429.2

DSPE-PEG-Galactose

abx085184-34kDa1g 3.4 kDa; 1 g
EUR 1429.2

DSPE-PEG-Galactose

abx085184-5kDa1g 5 kDa; 1 g
EUR 1429.2

NH2-PEG-Galactose

abx085244-2kDa1g 2 kDa; 1 g
EUR 678

NH2-PEG-Galactose

abx085244-34kDa1g 3.4 kDa; 1 g
EUR 678

NH2-PEG-Galactose

abx085244-5kDa1g 5 kDa; 1 g
EUR 678

Galactose Mutarotase (Recombinant)

20-abx073309
  • EUR 4101.60
  • EUR 393.60
  • EUR 276.00
  • 1 mg
  • 20 ug
  • 5 ug

Galactose Kinase Antibody

20-abx009234
  • EUR 360.00
  • EUR 526.80
  • EUR 226.80
  • 100 ul
  • 200 ul
  • 30 ul

Galactose 1-phosphate

HY-113143 10mg
EUR 129.6

Albumin (Human, Mouse, rat, bovine and others) removal kit (synthetic dye based matrix; sufficient to remove 20-40 mg BSA from Bioprocessed material), 2 ml aff column

800-200-BSA 1 kit
EUR 343.2

Albumin (Human, Mouse, rat, bovine and others) removal kit (synthetic dye based matrix; sufficient to remove 50-100 mg BSA from Bioprocessed material), 5 ml aff column

800-205-BSA 1 kit
EUR 927.6

Albumin (Human, Mouse, rat, bovine and others) removal kit (synthetic dye based matrix; sufficient to remove 250-500 mg BSA from Bioprocessed material), 25 ml aff column

800-225-BSA 1 kit
EUR 2910

Human Galactose-Deficient IgA1(Galactose-Deficient IgA1) ELISA Kit

EH4013 96T
EUR 628.92
Description: Method of detection: Indirect ELISA;Reacts with: Homo sapiens;Sensitivity: 8 ng/ml

Recombinant Human Galactose Mutarotase

7-02794 5µg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Galactose Mutarotase

7-02795 20µg Ask for price

Recombinant Human Galactose Mutarotase

7-02796 1mg Ask for price

Galactose Mutarotase Recombinant Protein

91-258 0.05 mg
EUR 852.9
Description: Galactose Mutarotase (GALM) is a cytoplasmic enzyme that belongs to the Aldose Epimerase family. GALM is a Mutarotase that converts alpha-Aldose to the beta -Anomer. GALM is active on D-Glucose, L-Arabinose, D-Xylose, D-Galactose, Maltose and Lactose. GALM may be required for normal Galactose metabolism by maintaining the equilibrium of alpha- and beta - anomers of Galactose.

PCL(5K)-PEG-Galactose

abx085406-2kDa1g 2 kDa; 1 g
EUR 684

Galactose Kinase Blocking Peptide

20-abx062653
  • EUR 326.40
  • EUR 493.20
  • 1 mg
  • 5 mg

Acetobromo-Alpha-D-Galactose

abx188579-1kg 1 kg
EUR 2865.6

DSPE-PEG-Galactose,10K

LP096072-10K-1g 1g
EUR 1022.4
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

DSPE-PEG-Galactose,2K

LP096072-2K-1g 1g
EUR 1022.4
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

DSPE-PEG-Galactose,3.4K

LP096072-3.4K-1g 1g
EUR 1022.4
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

DSPE-PEG-Galactose,5K

LP096072-5K-1g 1g
EUR 1022.4
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

EnzyChrom Galactose Assay Kit

EGAL-100 100
EUR 499.2
Description: Quantitative determination of galactose by colorimetric (570nm) or fluorimetric (530nm/590nm) methods. Procedure: 20 min. Kit size: 100 tests. Detection limit: 10 µM. Shelf life: 3 months. Shipping: on ice; storage: -20°C.

NH2-PEG-Galactose,10K

HE005072-10K-1g 1g
EUR 430.8
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

NH2-PEG-Galactose,2K

HE005072-2K-1g 1g
EUR 430.8
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

NH2-PEG-Galactose,3.4K

HE005072-3.4K-1g 1g
EUR 430.8
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

NH2-PEG-Galactose,5K

HE005072-5K-1g 1g
EUR 430.8
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

2-Deoxy-D-galactose

GC5572-10G 10 g
EUR 409.2

2-Deoxy-D-galactose

GC5572-1G 1 g
EUR 103.2

2-Deoxy-D-galactose

GC5572-2G 2 g
EUR 151.2

2-Deoxy-D-galactose

GC5572-5G 5 g
EUR 265.2

Human Galactose ELISA Kit

QY-E05637 96T
EUR 433.2

BSA

31C-CH0114 50 mg
EUR 159.6
Description: Bovine Serum Albumin for use in the research laboratory

Ibrutinib drug-Human Serum Albumin Conjugate

IBT16-BSA 100 ug
EUR 634.8

BSA Control for AGE-BSA

35R-AA007 10 mg
EUR 268.8
Description: BSA Control for AGE protein (BSA modified), Cat No. 30R-AA007

Testosterone 3 BSA Protein (BSA)

abx060856-1mg 1 mg
EUR 693.6

Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase (Recombinant)

20-abx073963
  • EUR 1930.80
  • EUR 393.60
  • EUR 276.00
  • 100 ug
  • 10 ug
  • 2 µg

D-Galactose (D-Gal) Antibody

20-abx178973
  • EUR 1412.40
  • EUR 693.60
  • 1 mg
  • 200 ug

Native Dactylium dendroides Galactose Oxidase

NATE-0273 150 u
EUR 324

PCL(5K)-PEG-Galactose, 2K

HE116072-2K-G G
EUR 430.8
Description: A high purity chemical with various applications in medical research, drug-release, nanotechnology and new materials research, cell culture. In the study of ligand, polypeptide synthesis support, a graft polymer compounds, new materials, and polyethylene glycol-modified functional coatings and other aspects of the active compound.

Galactose 1-phosphate Potassium salt

HY-113143A 50mg
EUR 198

Galactose Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit

K2126-100 100 assays
EUR 602.4

Galactose Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit

K621-100 each
EUR 614.4

Histamine [G-BSA] (G-G-BSA)

DAG3327 1mg
EUR 1480.8

Cyclic citrullinated peptide-BSA(CCP-BSA)

E64I00802 100ug
EUR 411.6

HRP-BSA

C050104-10ml 10ml
EUR 1336.8

HRP-BSA

C050104-1ml 1ml
EUR 272.4

FITC-BSA

C050303-10ml 10ml
EUR 1336.8

FITC-BSA

C050303-1ml 1ml
EUR 272.4

BSA Antibody

1-CSB-PA272395
  • EUR 380.40
  • EUR 292.80
  • 100ul
  • 50ul
Description: A polyclonal antibody against BSA. Recognizes BSA from Bovine. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;ELISA:1:2000-1:10000, WB:1:1000-1:5000

BSA Antibody

1-CSB-PA000390
  • EUR 266.40
  • EUR 234.00
  • 100ug
  • 50ug
Description: A polyclonal antibody against BSA. Recognizes BSA from Cow. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, ELISA;WB:1:2000-5000

Acetaminophen [BSA]

DAG2957 0.5mg
EUR 936

Chloramphenicol [BSA]

DAG2974 1mg
EUR 700.8

Gentamycin [BSA]

DAG2993 1mg
EUR 858

PCP [BSA]

DAG3015 1 mg
EUR 858

estosterone [BSA]

DAG3023 1mg
EUR 1092

Digoxin [BSA]

DAG3043 0.5ml
EUR 858

Methamphetamine [BSA]

DAG3101 1mg
EUR 1076.4

Secobarbital [BSA]

DAG3102 1 mg
EUR 936

Oxazepam [BSA]

DAG3106 1 mg
EUR 1076.4

Carisoprodol [BSA]

DAG3107 1 mg
EUR 936

Biotin [BSA]

DAG3197 1mg
EUR 577.2

Acrolein [BSA]

DAG3266 100ug
EUR 1248

Agmatine [BSA]

DAG3267 100ug
EUR 1014

Carnosine [BSA]

DAG3279 1mg
EUR 1326

Diclofenac [BSA]

DAG3299 1mg
EUR 1326

Dopamine [BSA]

DAG3302 1mg
EUR 1326

Adrenaline [BSA]

DAG3306 1mg
EUR 1636.8

Glycine [BSA]

DAG3313 250ug
EUR 858

Glyoxal [BSA]

DAG3314 250ug
EUR 936

Ibuprofen [BSA]

DAG3353 1mg
EUR 1465.2

Malondialdehyde [BSA]

DAG3366 1mg
EUR 1404

Naproxen [BSA]

DAG3370 250ug
EUR 702

Nicotinamide [BSA]

DAG3371 1mg
EUR 1014

Pyridoxal [BSA]

DAG3394 1mg
EUR 1482

Pyridoxine [BSA]

DAG3395 1mg
EUR 1482

Riboflavin [BSA]

DAG3399 1mg
EUR 1014

Rotenone [BSA]

DAG3400 mg
EUR 936

Buprenorphine [BSA]

DAG394 1mg
EUR 936

Propoxyphene [BSA]

DAG397 1 mg
EUR 1326

Fentanyl [BSA]

DAG398 1 mg
EUR 836.4

Tramadol [BSA]

DAG399 1mg
EUR 1466.4

Ketamine [BSA]

DAG400 1mg
EUR 858

Cotinine [BSA]

DAG401 1mg
EUR 936

THC [BSA]

DAG406 1mg
EUR 858

Phenobarbital [BSA]

DAG421 1mg
EUR 1014

Theophylline [BSA]

DAG426 10mg
EUR 936

Amoxicillin [BSA]

DAG4461 0.5mg
EUR 936

Ampicillin [BSA]

DAG4462 0.5mg
EUR 936

Apramycin [BSA]

DAG4463 0.5mg
EUR 936

Bacitracin [BSA]

DAG4464 1mg
EUR 936

Cloxacillin [BSA]

DAG4467 0.5mg
EUR 936

Neomycin [BSA]

DAG4470 0.5ml
EUR 936

Streptomycin [BSA]

DAG4472 0.5ml
EUR 936

Melamine [BSA]

DAG4476 1mg
EUR 936

Ractopamine [BSA]

DAGA-001B 1mg
EUR 858

Salbutamol [BSA]

DAGA-002B 1mg
EUR 936

Clenbuterol [BSA]

DAGA-003B 1mg
EUR 936

Pb2+ [BSA]

DAGA-005B 1mg
EUR 1326

Cd2+ [BSA]

DAGA-006B 1mg
EUR 1076.4

Hg2+ [BSA]

DAGA-007B 1mg
EUR 1076.4

Cu2+ [BSA]

DAGA-008B 1mg
EUR 936

Ochratoxin [BSA]

DAGA-012B 1mg
EUR 936

Fumonisin [BSA]

DAGA-014B 1mg
EUR 936

Deoxynivalenol [BSA]

DAGA-016B 1mg
EUR 858

Sterigmatocystin [BSA]

DAGA-017B 1mg
EUR 1014

Methyltestosterone [BSA]

DAGA-020B 1mg
EUR 936

Medroxyprogesterone [BSA]

DAGA-021B 1mg
EUR 936

Diethylstilbestrol [BSA]

DAGA-022B 1mg
EUR 856.8

Hexoestrolum [BSA]

DAGA-023B 1mg
EUR 842.4

Hydrocortisone [BSA]

DAGA-024B 1mg
EUR 936

Estradiol [BSA]

DAGA-025B 1mg
EUR 858

Nonylphenol [BSA]

DAGA-029B 1mg
EUR 936

Ribavirin [BSA]

DAGA-030B 1mg
EUR 1466.4

Amantadine [BSA]

DAGA-031B 1mg
EUR 936

Sulfadiazine [BSA]

DAGA-032B 1mg
EUR 936

Sulfaquinoxaline [BSA]

DAGA-033B 1mg
EUR 858

Sulfamethazine [BSA]

DAGA-034B 1mg
EUR 936

Sulfadimethoxine [BSA]

DAGA-035B 1mg
EUR 1014

Trimethoprim [BSA]

DAGA-036B 1mg
EUR 998.4

Florfenicol [BSA]

DAGA-039B 1mg
EUR 858

Kanamycin [BSA]

DAGA-040B 1mg
EUR 858

Lincomycin [BSA]

DAGA-042B 1mg
EUR 936

Pirlimycin [BSA]

DAGA-043B 1mg
EUR 936

Erythrocin [BSA]

DAGA-044B 1mg
EUR 936

Spectinomycin [BSA]

DAGA-045B 1mg
EUR 936

In this review, we chose contributions have recently relevant regarding the direct involvement of glycation and glycosylation stability of α-synuclein, impaired autophagy and function of lysosomes in PD, with a focus on models of potential PD pathogenesis provided by the genetic variants of the enzyme processing glycosphingolipid, especially glucocerebrosidase ( GBA).